Chapter 22: Persons

Subject to the provisions detailed below, all headings for persons listed in Canadiana from January 1988 onward will be formulated according to Chapter 22 of AACR 2R. When used in new listings, headings established previously under AACR 1 or AACR 2 will be revised, if necessary, to conform with AACR 2R.

If a personal name heading in AACR 2R form has already been established by the Library of Congress, and if Library and Archives Canada has access to that heading at the time of cataloguing for Canadiana, the heading will be used in the form established by the other library.¹ It should be noted, however, that acceptance of an established heading will be dependent on its being in prescribed AACR 2R form. Headings established under earlier rules, which the Library of Congress has decided to continue using despite the fact that they do not conform strictly with AACR 2R, will not be accepted for use in records created by Library and Archives Canada.

¹ Additions to a name may be required if the heading as established is identical to another heading established either previously or subsequently by Library and Archives Canada.

22.1A - General rule

If the name chosen as the basis of the heading consists of or contains initials that are either known or presumed to represent forenames or surnames, place a full stop after each such initial, regardless of whether full stops are used in the source(s) from which the name is derived. Leave a single space between the full stop following the initial and the subsequent initial or name.

If, however, the name consists entirely or primarily of separate letters that are known or presumed not to represent forenames or surnames, omit or include full stops or other punctuation according to the predominant usage of the person. Leave a single space between the letters regardless of whether full stops are included or not.

If the name chosen as the basis of the heading includes initials or abbreviations that form part of a title or term of address, or if an addition to the name includes initials or abbreviations denoting an academic degree, membership in an organization, etc., omit or include full stops or other punctuation according to the predominant usage of the person. Leave no space between initials. Leave one space to separate an initial or abbreviation from a word, a number or another abbreviation, to eaparate an abbreviation from a following initial, or to separate one set from another.

If the name chosen as the basis of the heading lacks a forename, or if one or more of the forenames or portions of a compound surname are abbreviated (i.e. reduced to two or more letters as opposed to a single initial), do not leave open space for insertion or completion of the missing or abbreviated element. Insert, as appropriate, a period and/or comma, followed by a single space to separate the preceding or abbreviated element from the element following it. If the element is the last element of the heading, omit the single space at the end.

For punctuation and spacing conventions used in the descriptive portion of the record, see 1.0C.

22.1B - General rule

In determining the name by which a person is commonly known "from the chief sources of information of works by that person issued in his or her language," include works issued both during and after the person's lifetime.

In determining the name by which a person working in a nonverbal context (or a person not known primarily as an author) is commonly known, include among "reference sources" works by the person as well as those about the person issued either during or after the person's lifetime.

When establishing a name from information presented in roman script, record the letters as they are given, except as follows:

2) For items published after 1820, convert "v" to "u," "vv" to "w" and "i" to "j" as necessary to reflect modern usage.

22.2A - Predominant name

For persons working in a nonverbal context (or those not known primarily as authors), consider any works by the person to be included among "reference sources". Base the choice of name not solely on the name(s) appearing in the works, but choose the name that appears most frequently both in the works and in other reference sources.

With the exception of maiden names of married women (see below), names appearing on a person's works in parentheses or quotation marks, such as nicknames, forenames of married women used in conjunction with a husband's forename(s), etc., are not to be considered as the preferred form of name and should not be used to the exclusion of the alternate form with which they appear when determining the predominant form. For example, if the name on a person's works appears predominantly as "J. M. (Greg) Husband", the heading should be established as "Husband, J. M." with a reference from "Husband, Greg".

If a married woman's maiden name appears in parentheses preceding or following her married name, omit the parentheses when formulating the heading. For example, if the name appears predominantly as "Maimie (Widbur) Steeves", the heading should be established as "Steeves, Maimie Widbur".

22.2B3 - Contemporary authors

Generally speaking, in applying this rule, Library and Archives Canada interprets "contemporary author" as authors who have written in the 20th century and/or are writing in the 21st century.

Ducornet, Erica
(Real name used in some works )

Ducornet, Rikki
(Pseudonym used in some works )

Library and Archives Canada will correct previously established headings on an as encountered basis.

22.3A - Fullness

Where the usage is not consistent, consider variations in fullness of form to include any usage falling within one of the types listed below:

Luis Garcia de Valdeavellano
Luis G. de Valdeavellano

Variations in fullness of form may occur either in the person's works or in reference sources. To be considered the predominant form, a single form of name must represent four-fifths of all occurrences of the name taken from the chief sources of information for authors, or from citations in reference sources for persons not known primarily as authors, or from both, as dictated by the particular rule(s) being applied in establishing the heading.

¹ If the form chosen for the heading consists of a standard abbreviation for which there is no ambiguity of meaning (such as "Wm." for "William"), give the full name as a parenthetical qualifier.

22.3B1 - Persons using more than one language

If there is doubt as to which language form corresponds to the language of most of the person's works, and if the question cannot be resolved through reference sources (either because source information is lacking or because the sources are unclear or contradictory), choose the form of name that corresponds to the person's native language.

22.3C2 - Persons entered under surname

Apply the alternative rule (footnote 4) to names in all languages (excluding Hebrew and Yiddish) written in nonroman script, provided a single romanized form is clearly the preferred form in English/French language reference sources (i.e. provided that at least two-thirds of the major English/French language reference sources in which the name is found use the same form of name). Otherwise, apply the rule and systematically romanize the name: use the ALA/CLA/LC romanization tables for English forms of names and the transliteration tables used in French cataloguing, usually ISO tables, for French forms of names. ^*

* Effective November 1, 2000, Library and Archives Canada will follow Pinyin for newly created records. Any existing authority heading established according to Wade-Giles will be converted to Pinyin on an as encountered basis.

For names in Hebrew and Yiddish, use the romanized form selected according to the following order of preference:

The use of non-systematic romanization in these cases is advantageous for the following reasons:

22.5C2 - Preferred or established form known

For compound surnames in Spanish, consider the use of an initial or abbreviation representing the first of two or more proper names to be indicative of the person's preference for entry under the second or subsequent proper name and choose the first fully spelled name as the entry element.

22.5C5 - Other compound surnames. Married women whose surname consists of surname before marriage and husband's surname

For the names of women whose language is Spanish, entry should be made under the first fully spelled element of the surname if the first element is represented only by an initial or abbreviation.

22.5D1 - Articles and prepositions

Personal name headings for French speaking Canadians which contain the preposition "de" or "d'" will be established according to the following guidelines.

The part of the name used as the entry element is chosen on the basis of the predominant form and style of the name as found in the person's works or, in the case of non-authors, on the basis of the predominant form and style of the name used in reference works published in French in Canada.

It is considered that the use of uppercase letters in a personal name is an indication of the person's preference for the part of the name to be used as the entry element.

The preposition de or d' is used as the entry element if it is capitalized in the person's works or, in the case of non-authors, if used as the entry element in alphabetic lists.

In other cases, the heading will be entered under the part of the name which follows the preposition.

22.16B - Popes

If a roman numeral is associated with the name of a pope or antipope, add the numeral after the name, preceding the designation Pope (pape) or Antipope (antipape).

22.17 - Dates

Exercise the option of adding dates even when not required to distinguish between otherwise identical headings, provided the dates can be readily ascertained at the time of establishing the heading.

To already established headings with a birthdate, add the death date only to "prominent" Canadians; to all other already established headings, add death date information to the "source of data found" note.

22.18 - Fuller forms

Exercise the option of adding the fuller form even when not required to distinguish between otherwise identical names, provided the spelled-out form can be readily ascertained at the time of establishing the heading.

Note that in applying the option, the following are not added: unused forenames to headings that contain forenames; initials of names that are not part of the heading, unused parts of surnames to headings that contain surnames.

Do not add to the heading the fuller form of a familiar name or nickname chosen for the heading. However, if the form chosen for the heading consists of a standard abbreviation for which there is no ambiguity of meaning (such as "Wm." for "William"), give in the parenthetical addition the full name.

Do not apply the option retrospectively to names established prior to the implementation of AACR 2R unless one or other of the following conditions apply:

a) the addition is required to distinguish between names that are otherwise identical; or

b) the heading requires a change in some other element in order to bring it into line with AACR 2R and the fuller form of a name used in the revised heading can be readily ascertained at the time of revision.

If the initials occur both in the entry element of the name (surnames, etc.) and in the inverted part of the name (forenames, etc.) add the full form of the entire name in direct order at the end of the name.

Letelier S., Mario F. (Mario Francisco
Letelier Sotomayor)

22.19 - Distinguishing terms

When no other means is available for distinguishing between a musician (including using a word designating a musician's occupation, such as "violinist," "pianist," or "soprano"), and another person with the same name for whom a heading is already established (including changing the existing heading), "musician" may be used as a qualifier.

If the qualifier later appears to give a seriously inaccurate characterization of the person, change the heading by:

Contents:

Chapter 22 - Introduction